Regulatory Bodies with Roles in Accounting Essay

IRS (Internal Revenue Service): It is the oldest in the United States regulatory body also called the internal revenue service or IRS. The main goal of IRS is to manage and implement the internal revenue law. Their responsibility is to help individuals to understand their tax obligations as well as to tax collection. SEC (Security and Exchange Commission): SEC also called the Securities and Exchange Commission. Their main objective is to protect investors, maintains the Integrity of the market and facilitates capital formation. The SEC also ensures that public companies follow the rules and regulations set by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP. Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF): Their responsibility is to establish and improve financial accounting, the administration and finances of the financial accounting of its standard-setting board, the financial accounting standards advisory council, the governmental accounting standards board or better known as GASB and their advisory council. Standards of non-government financial accounting and reporting like not-for-profit organizations are examined by FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board). The GASB was formed to establish accepted accounting principles for state and local government. It was also established to examine the image of FASB on the state and local levels. FASAB (Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board): The FASAB was established in 1973 with the purpose to create and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides information to investors and other users of financial reports. The IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) is established to develop accounting standards through an international consultation process. This is done with representatives from countries all over the world to ensure the quality and feasibility of the financial reports. The PCAOB (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) was created through the development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to protect investors and their investments from the auditors of public traded companies. ACIPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.): It is the last major regulatory body and its function is to create the standards for accounting and reporting. The standards are set by working with the FASB, assisting the FASB in enforcing the standards, and assisting them with their technical support.

Customs Broker

A BUSINESS PLAN AND ROLE OF A U. S. CUSTOMS BROKER TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I – BUSINESS PLAN: Executive Summary General Company Description Services Market Analysis Summary Management and Organization Financial Plan PART II – U. S. CUSTOMS BROKER ROLE: Role and Purpose of a Customs Broker Preparing for the Customs Broker License Exam Harmonized Tariff Schedule Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) Importer Security Filing/10+2 Entry Process Automated Brokerage Interface Automated Commercial System Sample Import/Export Frequently Used Documents EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCustoms Broker Experts, LLC is a certified woman-owned customs broker firm located in Chicago, IL. The company has been set up as an LLC company by the owner and licensed customs broker, A. The company’s goal is to become the preferred customs broker in the Chicagoland area, increasing profitability upward of 15% annually. Customs Broker Experts will process entry clearance of merchandise bein g imported through all major U. S. ports and comply with U. S. Customs clearance procedures, laws and regulations. The company will provide the services and filing procedures to customers so hey spend less time pouring over paperwork, and more time concentrating on their business. A, an experienced Supply Chain professional, will manage and operate the company as the licensed broker and general manager. With over ten years of import experience managing substantial volume from Mexico, Germany, China, and more recently Canada, A has the knowledge, commitment, and experience to lead a successful customs brokerage organization. GENERAL COMPANY DESCRIPTION: Customs Broker Experts, LLC offers customs clearance expertise to those in the business of importing goods from all over the world.The organization offers importers its thorough understanding of the rules and regulations of the United States Customs Border Patrol to ensure goods are in compliance and abide by government regulations. T he company will process all customs-required documentation, declare the value of the merchandise, classify the merchandise, rate and pay all applicable duties on behalf of the importer prior to releasing the goods to the customer. The company has secured a two-year contract with ABC Imports, LLC and will act as the customs broker for the company for said period of time. Contract renewal will take place 18 months into the contract.ABC Imports handles merchandise shipping from Mexico, Germany, and China. Based on forecasted projections, Customs Broker Experts will generate a profit by the end of the first year with a 15% increase the second year. The projected imports are expected to vary throughout the year with May through September serving as peak season. During peak season, the company projects to import about 800 trucks and railcars a month from Mexico through the port of Laredo, Texas; Eagle Pass, Texas; and Nogales, AZ. During off season, the company projects to clear approxima tely 575 shipments. SERVICES:Customs Broker Experts will provide prompt personalized service acting as an agent between the shipper and US Customs and other government agencies. It will be our job to be sure that the importer of record is in compliance with all Federal and State laws. All customs brokerage firms are required to have a Power of Attorney on file prior to transacting any Customs business on the behalf of the importer of record. This instrument allows the broker to transact Customs business only. The document indicates the US tax reporting number, and specifies if the importer is a corporation, partnership, sole proprietor or an individual.The following is a list of commodities the company will manage, to name a few: †¢ Artifacts †¢ Furniture †¢ Household Goods †¢ Manufactured Goods †¢ Perishables There is virtually no commodity Customs Broker Experts cannot clear. Customs Broker Experts’ fully automated processes will allow for error-fre e entry presentations as well as electronic payment of duties to U. S. Customs. The company will be certified by U. S. Customs to process entries nationwide acting as liaisons with the U. S. Government preparing and processing the required documentation and paying applicable duties.MARKET ANALYSIS SUMMARY During the first year, Customs Broker Experts will concentrate on clearing shipments originating in Mexico on behalf of ABC Imports, LLC. Customs Broker Exports will concentrate on importing from Mexico during its first year because: 1. Customs Broker Experts has extensive experience importing from this NAFTA partner. 2. This industry continues to grow as the Latino population increases in the United States. 3. Customs Brokers’ extensive experience and knowledge of the importing process adds value to its clientele.Classifying merchandise to identify a product for importing can be quite complex. This type of complexity requires collaboration and coordination between a credibl e and experienced customs broker, the importer of record, and U. S. Customs. Customs Broker Experts will be marketing the business in a number of ways. First and foremost will be the company’s website. The website will allow for potential customers to request a rate quote online. It will also serve as tool for existing customers by providing links to relevant government websites as well as status of their merchandise during the importation process.Customs Broker Experts will advertise in supply chain and transportation journals. The ads in these journals will provide visibility of Customs Broker Experts to manufacturers and buyers as well as importers and exporters. The company will extend their services to other importers in the following years by bidding in Request for Proposals (RFP’s) starting in the third quarter of the first year. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION The founder of the company, A, has 10+ years of experience in the Supply Chain industry importing goods fr om Mexico, Germany, and China.More than eight of those years were in the area of Purchasing & Inventory Management with the last two years focused in Logistics and Distribution. Having conducted business with a wide array of brokers, both foreign and domestic, over the last ten years has given Gina Gonzalez the opportunity to understand the importation process. Gina Gonzalez will lead the company as President and licensed broker. Two part-time employees and two part-time interns will be focused on the administrative process of entering and clearing entries with U. S. Customs.The part-time employees will be junior and senior-level college students while the interns are in their freshman or sophomore year. Both the employees’ and interns’ area of study will be in International Business, Operations Management, or Supply Chain Management. A third full-time employee and part owner, C, will handle the IT operations of the business maintaining the company’s website, ED I (electronic data transmission), and ABI (Automated Broker Interface) service up to date. A fourth full-time employee will manage the account payables and receivables.Gina Gonzalez will oversee and be very much involved in the day-to-day operations with primary focus in marketing the company. As the company prepares to expand their services into the second year, an additional part-time employee will be added as well as an additional licensed individual. Although the company can operate with one sole licensed broker, the additional licensed professional will add value to the company and act as assistant manager in the absence of A. The company will also offer current employees the opportunity to take the customs broker exam with all exam fees sponsored by the company upon successful completion of the exam.This fringe benefit will be extended to employees who have been with the company for a minimum of 12 months. In the event of termination of employment within 12 months after reimbu rsement, the employee will be responsible for reimbursing the company. FINANCIAL PLAN The company will charge a per entry fee. In order to streamline charges, each entry will have a flat fee regardless of the mode of transportation—rail, truck, or intermodal. The average industry charge ranges between $30 to $60 depending on length and volume stipulated within the contract.By securing a two-year contract with ABC Imports, LLC, the company is able to offer a highly competitive rate of $45 per entry. Considering the projected entries for the first year, the company expects to generate a net profit by the end of the calendar year. A portion of the profit will be allocated to bring on additional staff as new contracts are acquired. The start-up funds will be drawn from a personal investment from A, $30,000, an investor and co-owner B, $15,000, and second investor and co-owner C, $5,000. A owns 75% of the company, with B owning 20%, and C 5%. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Critical Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Evaluation - Research Paper Example One of Twains argument to disapprove Darwin’s theory is that anaconda is less cruel as compared to an earl. He gives an example of an earl killing seventy-two buffaloes during a hunt and eating only a part of one of the buffaloes and leaves the other to rot. In his attempt to demonstrate that an anaconda was less, cruel he puts seven calves in his cage, and the reptile crushes only one, eats it, and shows no interest in the rest. Twain argument is that man kills for pleasure. This example is not sufficient, since he does not experiment with other animals such as elephants that at times kill while they are not carnivores (Wrangham and Peterson 131). Additionally, 120 sheep were found dead on August 2009, near Dillon in Montana and had been killed by a pack of wolves most of which were untouched and left to rot (Byron Web). Another example is that of Dolphins which often kill for fun (Yubi Shines Web). Moreover, coyotes also kill chicken but end up feeding on the head only. Thes e are just a few examples to demonstrate that some animals are just as wasteful as the earl mentioned in Twain’s essay. They are not any better than man is. ... On the other hand, â€Å"Man is the only one that gathers his brethren about him and goes forth in cold blood and with calm pulse to exterminate his kind† (Twain 219). Twain did not conduct extensive studies and he failed to recognize how ants gather in forces and attack anyone who challenges their borders. Some species of ants have territorial wars where they engage in fight and the winning colony takes the other for slaves. Indeed, there are certain types of ants known to make slaves even in absence of war. They thus invade colonies, steal eggs, and carry them to their nest to hatch into slave ants (Wilson 370). Animals like lions cannot be considered better to man since male lions often challenge each other. If a male lion succeeds in challenging a fellow lion to become the â€Å"king’, it involves in act such as killing the cubs of the former â€Å"king† (Wrangham and Peterson 160). Other animal species known to engage in war include mares. If a mare joins a herd and is already pregnant, the stallion kills the foal after it has been born. Moreover, chicken have been known to attack and kill fellow chicken they consider different from them. Although humans have demonstrated ruthlessness through their actions, he is not the only species that does so and is thus not the least developed as Twain argues. Moreover, humans have the ability to learn from experiences and avoid some activities. On the contrary, animal repeat their actions through history. At times war against humans is for a cause while animal engage in war for no specific gains. Moreover, man learns to improve his life as well as that of others. This can be demonstrated by the development of America through history where humans gain more

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency as risk factors for animals' Research Proposal

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency as risk factors for animals' infertility, epidemiological evaluation - Research Proposal Example Saudi Arabia is among the largest producers of beef meet in the world because of the extensive livestock projects in the country. However, effective production in the country is limited by the prevalence of infertility cases among the livestock. In addition, most farmers in Saudi Arabia rely on the traditional approaches of livestock, which hinders effective disease prevention and cure in the livestock. Livestock farming in Saudi Arabia entails cattle, sheep, camel and goat. The farmers supply their products to various industries in the country for processing and export. Most of the animal products in the country have poor quality because of the poor livestock production and upkeep techniques used by the farmers. Infertility among livestock in Saudi Arabia limits the growth of the farming sector in the country. In addition, the Saudi Arabian government is implementing various initiatives to control the rate of infertility in the country (Al-Khamees, 2010). Deficiency of particular minerals in the diet of the livestock leads to infertility conditions. Selenium and Vitamin E are essential elements that are essential in controlling infertility in livestock in various countries across the world. The minerals and vitamins are incorporated in different animal feeds in order to promote hormonal balance and strength of the uterus (Andrews, 2004). Deficiency of Vit E and se in the livestock causes Brucellosis in the livestock, which leads to infertility. In this case, the animals fail to retain the pregnancy for the normal period. Moreover, the occurrence of stillbirths among the animals increases rapidly because of the effects of the disease on the animals reproductive system. Cases of infertility due to Brucellosis effects in Saudi Arabia are on the rise because of the poor agricultural techniques used in the country. The initiatives to introduce modern techniques of farming in

Foreign direct investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign direct investment - Research Paper Example Lastly, the paper winds down with a thorough discussion of the political and economic reasons that inform governments’ need to intervene in the international trade. Foreign Direct Investment In every economy, the government of any given country defines the benchmark of political, social and economic leadership of that particular country. Government strategizes and sets legal mechanisms intended to drive the given country into ultimate prosperity. Economy is one of the most essential tools used by potential political contestants and prevailing governments to maintain and construct leadership by use of their individual economic policies. The direction of economic policies chosen by a government determines the nature of foreign relationships enjoyed with other nations to be affected by the set policies. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one aspect of the economy that is capable of dictating the foreign relationship to be enjoyed between or among partnering nations. Foreign Direc t Investment occurs when a given business institution from a given country opens or transfers its operations to another foreign country (Kuepper, 2012). The main advantages of FDI are creation of new job opportunities for the host or receiving economy, and increase in tax margins received by the host government. FDI carries with it integrated technology and technical experts to the host country, which is usually in the class of developing countries. Despite its advantages, FDI being a form of investment from another country, tend to create a lot of discomfort on the recipient economy if not regulated. Kuepper (2012) indicates that one of the fears necessitate government’s intervention revolves around the fate of the domestic industries in the face of foreign direct investment. It is a normal practice in business that for any new entrant to survive in the foreign market, it has to offer its goods and services at relatively lower prices than the existing firms. The new entrant may also have to enhance the quality of its products and services to compete the existing ones to an extent of leading to closure of the local firms. These possible practices pose significant threats to the domestic firms, which justifies the role of government to set sustainable policies to foresee equitable sharing of the market and raw materials to the benefit of the entire economy. Technology, trademarks and patent rights are of great essential to the operation of any world class or highly innovative firm. Foreign firms lobbying for FDI may prove risky when it comes to technological leaks, breach of patent rights and misuse of established trademarks. To cushion the domestic firms from the negative effects of FDI, government’s involvement in the FDI will play a great role as it will help in protecting and defending the local firms. In addition, FDI are known by many governments as among the strategies to raise national income and government’s revenues. Governmentâ⠂¬â„¢s intervention is of great importance as it helps in the computation and determination of tax margins to impose on the arriving firms. It is noteworthy that every country has certain unique economic policies enforced on the local business institutions and organizations. Businesses investing in other foreign countries are likely to carry with them operational laws used in the original country. Some

Violations of Securities Laws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violations of Securities Laws - Assignment Example with insider sales, potentially more opportunities for insiders to sell their shares, decreased burden on counsel or trading compliance officers who would have make subjective determinations on the availability of non- public information (Johnson 56). The ramification of those who violate this rule are judicially constructed. In addition, the Congress passed the PSLARA that would encourage the voluntary disclosure of information by corporate issues, empower the investors so that they may exercise primary control over their private securities litigation and encourage plaintiff to pursue valid claims and fight abuse claims. Under Rule 16b of the Exchange Act , with respect to any company whose securities are registered on a NSE, enforces certain restrictions and obligations on the company’s directors and every beneficial owner of more that 10 percent of any call of equity security as those presumed to have access of inside information. As a trader, this rule is beneficial as it helps to prevent the unfair use of information which may be gotten by the beneficial owner by reason of the relationship that is present with the issuer. The ramification for those who violate the rule allows allow a stakeholder to file a derivative suit that will help recover such profit (Federal Securities Law Reporter 66). If this is not implemented or they refuse to bring such suit within sixty days, there will be no requirement for the share holder to own any shares at the time of the insider trading. Federal Securities Law Reporter: Federal Regulation of Securities : Laws, Regulations, Forms, Rulings and Decisions, Currently Supplemented and Indexed. Chicago, Ill: Commerce Clearing House, 1964. Continually updated

Negative effects of technology in education Research Paper

Negative effects of technology in education - Research Paper Example One of the most fundamental golden rules that have to be observed when using technology in education is that moderation is everything and this is because of the fact that technology can easily be overused within the classroom, and this can cause a negative effect on the entire learning experience. It is true that some of these effects are already being seen from student texting and internet usage during class and there are also increased prevalence of plagiarism for coursework and general deficiency of respect for accurate language usage particularly when writing essays. This is a clear indicator of the consequences that technology usually has on the intellectual abilities of the current generation and is a display of the overall power of the internet. According to David Gelernter, â€Å"computers are our worst educational nightmares come true.† While it is a fact that independent thought has greatly been encouraged through the reading of books and has ensured the development of new ideas, this ability would be immensely diminished if there were no books in the world because it is only through the study of old ideas that new ideas are developed. Technology that is used in education, such as the internet will inevitably lead to the extinction of books from the education system because it is the source of plenty of information. However, despite the large reserves of information within this technology, the internet does not have the qualities which books have because most of the information gotten from it is often instant and shallow. The internet does not allow individuals to contemplate on the information which they have just received, as books do and the lack of independent thought because of the absence of books is likely to put the human race into a dark age of intellectual stagnation. The ability to think through the study of the previous work of scholars is what has helped the academic advancement of many children in the past and the inability to thi nk and the reliance on shallow sources of information such as the internet is likely to see the end of the academic system as we know it. Students are able to learn about their past from books and with this knowledge, the take action to avoid the mistakes of their past. The use of technology in education has to be moderated because it is a fact that books have been and still are the most credible source of academic information for centuries, and without books, one would conclude that there can be no history. Gelenter further states that â€Å"teaching children to understand the orderly unfolding of a plot or argument is a critical part of education and this is why the study of stories and arguments is only possible through books and because of the developing lack of interest in them, slowly but surely, students are likely to end up without a culture of analyzing their environment. This can clearly be seen when most of the children today prefer watching television, playing video gam es and even social networking on the internet to having intellectual discussions. The power of the media has become so great that many students in the education system do not have the will, or the inclination, to live a different sort of life. When individual students are asked what they learned

Different Kinds of Scientific Fraud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Different Kinds of Scientific Fraud - Assignment Example One of the serious cases of scientific fraud involves carrying out a research process that does not conform to the expected rigour. For example, if a scientist adopts a quantitative paradigm, he or she faces the compulsion of formulating both a null and alternative hypotheses. The data collected in such a research should help the researcher test the two hypotheses and adopt one of them depending on the statistical correlation identified. However, many researchers adopting the quantitative approach claim to have indulged in a rigorous data collection, analysis and hypothesis testing while in a real sense, they have not. Some of them face the temptation of manipulating data to soot the hypothesis that they think is right. The use of unreliable statistical tools also compromises the quality of data analysis.Scientific fraud may involve the production of a scientific paper aimed at presenting the different steps adopted in the research process. In a real sense, a scientific paper is a th eoretical reconstruction of all the activities undertaken by the researcher. However, many researchers only report aspects of their research that proved successful. They prefer to omit cases of failed experiments because of poor design, erroneous data analysis. This is the reason why many of the research papers published seem to insinuate that the researcher had a carefully arranged proposal and outline and that implementation of the research paradigm adopted was of a very high standard.

The Culture and History of the Shawnee Indians Research Paper

The Culture and History of the Shawnee Indians - Research Paper Example Although, by 1730s, the Shawnee had returned to their homeland, they faced relocation by American settlers whereby they moved first to Missouri and then to Kansas. Most of members of the Shawnee tribe finally settled in Oklahoma after the end of the Civil War. In 1793, some of the Shawnee tribe received a Spanish land grant at Missouri (Clark 5). Nevertheless, in 1803, the land was came under American control and the Shawnees had to settle in Southern Oklahoma, becoming the Absentee Shawnee. The Shawnee people view themselves as the descendants of the Delaware, considered to be their grandfathers. They also possess strong links with the Kickapoo, who manifest linguistic ties. Original estimates of Shawnee population in the pre European era ranged around 10,000. The first official accurate count occurred in 1825, which placed the count at 1,400 in Missouri, 110 in Louisiana, and 800 in Ohio. The decrease in the population arose from conflicts and diseases such as the flu and scarlet f ever. Some of diseases that decimated the population emanated from the settlers from Europe. The Shawnee demonstrated a strong tribal identity. The largest group comprised of loyal Shawnee, who numbered about 8,000 individuals recognized by the United States Government as the Cherokee nation. The Eastern Shawnee tribe of Oklahoma comprised of about 1,600 members while there were about 2,000 Absentee Shawnee. The Shawnee Nation United Remnant Band numbered about 600 (Clark 8). Prior to contact with Europeans, the Shawnee tribe comprised of coalition of five divisions, which boasted of a shared language and culture. The divisions encompassed Chillicothe, Hathawekela, Kispokotha, Mequachake, and Pekuwe (Warren 14). Each of the five groups operated individually, and membership in each division was inherited from the father. The villages were usually named after the division. The central chief presiding over the divisions could ever come from one division or what is referred to as Chilli cothe. Headship of the different divisions hinged on hereditary (Murphree 410). How they got their name The word Shawnee stems from the Algonquin word â€Å"shawun† (shawunogi), which means Southerner (Pritzker 4). The Shawnee was the southernmost group, as the name implies. The original Homeland of the entire Algonquian population was centered in the eastern subarctic region of Canada. The meaning of â€Å"shawun† points that they originally lived to the south of Kickapoo, of the Ohio valley. The name â€Å"Savanoos† was applied by the early Dutch writers referring to the Indians who occupied the north bank of Delaware River within New Jersey. The name mainly applies to their initial locality within the Ohio Valley comparative to other Great Lakes like Algonquin. Shawnee habitually prefers to refer to themselves the Shawano or Shawanoe or Shawanese. The Shawanee dialect encompasses Southern Great Lakes (Wakashan) closely related to Fox, Sauk, Mascouten, and Kic kapoo. Language Linguistically, the Shawnee tribe is identified with the group of Central Algonquian dialects, inclusive of the Miami, Kickapoo, Illiniwek, and Sauk and Fox. The Shawnee Indian language is credited for being the most expressive and eloquent of all the other Indian languages. The Shawnee managed to retain their folklore despite the dispersion and loss of contacts with other languages and cultures.

Compare and Contrast Opportunity and Risk Components Research Paper

Compare and Contrast Opportunity and Risk Components - Research Paper Example Project manager (Learner) may need to make assumptions about the project. Be sure to document the assumptions in the description of the risk and consider both project and product based risks. The project manager should also take in to account external as well as internal risks and consider risks to the project budget, its schedule, its resources and the products quality. Ensure that the risks are categorized and quantified. The estimated costs and worth of a classic kitchen remodeling plan are briefed below. Elevated estimations for greater urban areas and the diminished estimates where home values are below the countrywide average need to be made. Modification for prices for replacements or enhancements is in the last fragment. For size variances of up to 25%, total expenses need to be scrabbled in direct percentage to the size of the project under consideration. The modified costs can be used as a basis for locating a material financial plan and for matching supplier bids (if experts are chosen to do the work) (Homewyse, 2011). This is amongst the major decisions that property-owners have to ultimately deal with when scheduling a project management.   What are the risks?   Effectiveness, length of timeframe, financial plan and class of work are the key factors that one has to consider when determining on such a critical point. For a small kitchen, budget for remodeling is usually restricted. Amidst of a family kitchen remodel, it’s very likely to lose sight of precisely how much money one is spending, crossing over the economical line, every now and then quite significantly. Here are some cautionary cryptograms that during the remodeling; the plan may be heading towards choking terrain (Admin, 2010). The inexpensive cupboards/piece of equipment/sink came about to be backordered for 6 months and extra charges need to be paid for a more exclusive one (and additional variations may chute from this change, accumulating even more to the

Diffraction and Interference Essay Example for Free

Diffraction and Interference Essay Purpose: The aim of doing this experiment was to examine diffraction and interference effects of light passing through various apertures, and use the diffraction patterns obtained by single and double slit apertures to find the wavelength of the light source used. Theory: We know that light can be described by two theories, namely the particle theory and the wave theory of light, each having its own experimental proofs. In this experiment, we examine the interference and diffraction phenomena of light, both of which can be described by the wave theory of light. While interference is just the superposition of waves, diffraction is also any deviation from geometrical optics that results from the obstruction of a wavefront of light. In other words, diffraction is considering the double-slit experiment by taking into account the width of the slit openings, too. Another way of distinguishing between interference and diffraction is to consider the interfering beams in diffraction phenomena as originating from a continuous distribution of sources, whereas the interfering beams in interference phenomena as originating from a discrete number of sources. This way of treatment of interference and diffraction is a result of Huygens’ principle which states that every point of a given wavefront of light can be considered a source of secondary spherical wavelets. Hence, superposition occurs between these secondary waves emitted from different parts of the wavefront, taking into account both their amplitudes and phases. Diffraction effects can also be classified according to the mathematical approximations used in calculations. In the case of the light source and the observation screen being very far from the slit, relative to the slit width, the incident and diffracted waves are assumed to be plane and the diffraction type is called Fraunhofer, or far-field diffraction. In this case, as the viewing screen is moved relative to the aperture, the size of the diffraction pattern changes, but not the shape. We are going to use this kind of approximation in this experiment. We should keep in mind that the Huygens’ principle used to find the diffraction relations is itself an approximation. When calculating the single-slit Fraunhofer diffraction a rectangular aperture with a length much larger than its width is considered. In this case the intensity of the light reaching the screen at point P, at an angle ÃŽ ¸ is given by: Is=I0(sin2ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±2) where ÃŽ ±=12kasinÃŽ ¸=Ï€asinÃŽ ¸ÃŽ » In the above relations I0 is the intensity at the middle of the central maxima and a is the slit width. Hence, by taking the limit as ï„Æ'→0, we observe that this pattern attains its maximum at ÃŽ ¸=0. Similarly, equating ï„Æ'=mÏ€, we obtain the minima of the pattern and we get the following relation for this case: nÃŽ »=asinÃŽ ¸ where n=1,2,3,†¦ For small angles we can make the sinÃŽ ¸=tanÃŽ ¸ approximation and, calling L the distance between the slit and the screen, we can get y=LsinÃŽ ¸, where y is the distance from the central maximum to the observation point. For this case, we conclude that on the screen, the irradiance is a maximum at ÃŽ ¸=0, hence y=0, and it drops to zero at values of y such that y=ÃŽ »La . Therefore, we can find ÃŽ » using this relation. (Here, y is the average distance between adjacent minima). When we regard the double-slit diffraction we see that we have to do with two different terms, one of which belongs to the interference pattern, and the other to the diffraction pattern. If we ignore the effect of the slit widths, we get the intensity of the pattern given by only the interference term as I=4I0cos2ÃŽ ², where ÃŽ ²=(Ï€bÃŽ »)sinÃŽ ¸. Here, ÃŽ ¸ is the angle of observation and b is the slit separation. Nevertheless, since the intensity from a single slit depends on the angle ÃŽ ¸ through diffraction, we should take into account the diffraction pattern, too. Now, the intensity is given by: I=4I0(sin2ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±2)cos2ÃŽ ² In this case ï„Æ' is again ÃŽ ±=12kasinÃŽ ¸=Ï€asinÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ». Hence, we conclude that in double slit diffraction the intensity is the product of the interference and diffraction patterns. By analyzing the intensity relation, we observe that an interference minimum occurs whenever ÃŽ ²=(n+1/2)Ï€ for n=0,1,2,3,†¦, and an interference maxima occurs whenever ÃŽ ²=nÏ€, again for n=0,1,2,†¦ Using the approximation sinÃŽ ¸=tanÃŽ ¸, we obtain y=LsinÃŽ ¸, and y=ÃŽ »Lb, where y is the average distance between either adjacent maxima or minima. Data and Results: Part A: Single Slit Pattern| A| B| C| Width of the slit, a| 410-5m| 810-5m| 1610-5m| Distance slit-screen, L| 1m| 1m| 1m| Average dist btw minima, y| 1.67 cm| 0.75 cm| 0.45 cm| ÃŽ »=ay/L| 668 nm| 600 nm| 720 nm| Error ∆y on y| 0.08173 cm| 0.138 cm| 0.0548 cm| Error ∆Î » on ÃŽ »=a∆y/L| 32.7 nm| 110 nm| 87.7 nm| ÃŽ »=ÃŽ »Ã‚ ±Ã¢Ë†â€ ÃŽ »| 635.5 nm| 710 nm| 632.3 nm| | y1| y2| y3| y4| y5| y6| A| 1.8| 1.6| 1.7| 1.7| 1.6| 1.6| B| 0.5| 0.8| 0.8| 0.8| 0.9| 0.7| C| 0.5| 0.5| 0.5| 0.4| 0.4| 0.4| The error on y is found using the relation below: ∆y=i=1N(yi-y)N-1 Part B: Double Slit Pattern| D| E| F| Width of the slit, a| 810-5m| 810-5m| 410-5m| Slit separation, b| 510-4m| 2.510-4m| 2.510-4m| Distance slit-screen, L| 1m| 1m| 1m| Average dist btw minima, y| 0.00160 m| 0.00300 m| 0.00155 m| ÃŽ »=by/L| 800 nm| 750 nm| 387.5 nm| Error ∆y on y| 0.000342m| 0.000524m| 0.000342m| Error ∆Î » on ÃŽ »=b∆y/L| 171 nm| 131 nm| 85.5 nm| ÃŽ »=ÃŽ »Ã‚ ±Ã¢Ë†â€ ÃŽ »| 629 nm| 619 nm| 473 nm| y| D| E| F| 1| 0.138| 0.110| 0.053| 2| 0.141| 0.106| 0.051| 3| 0.143| 0.101| 0.048| 4| 0.146| 0.095| 0.045| 5| 0.148| 0.090| 0.043| 6| 0.151| 0.086| 0.040| 7| 0.154| | 0.038| 8| 0.156| | 0.035| 9| | | 0.033| We calculated the difference between each successive data to obtain the displacement. Then, we multiplied each displacement value with a factor of (21.5/34.5) because the scale of the linear translator and the interface were not equal. Having done this we calculated the average distance. The error on y is found again by using the relation ∆y=i=1N(yi-y)N-1 Discussion and Conclusion: In part A we considered interference and diffraction pattern of a single slit opening for three different slits. We measured the distance between the source and the slit to be 1m and we used the relations found in the theory part in order to find the wavelength of the light source used. We found the average distance between minima to be 1.67 cm for slit A, 0.75 cm for slit B and 0.45 cm for slit C. Hence, we found the wavelength of the light source to have values of 668 nm for slit A, 600nm for slit B and 720nm for slit C. However, after calculating the error in the average distance and using this error, the wavelengths turned out to be 635.5nm for slit A, 710nm for slit B and 632.3nm for slit C. We know that theoretically the wavelength is expected to be 650 ±10nm. Our experimental values, despite the fact they are close to, do not fit totally to the expected theoretical ones. Hence, we argue that any discrepancy in the values found is a result of the imprecise equipment used, especially the light sensor. Furthermore, we claim that these discrepancies are also a result of the fact that we had to move the linear translator with our hand slowly enough so that the detector could detect the intensity peak and the other maxima. Hence, it is very much likely that we could not carry this process out precisely enough as it is required in order to have correct data, since we are human beings and it is impossible for us to achieve such a thing. We also think that the light coming from the surrounding might have had a negative effect on our results since the room where the experiment was carried out was not evacuated well enough. Moreover, we point out that the relations between wavelength, distance between minima and slit width used to find the wavelength and the Huygens’ principle itself are all approximations, since as it was stated in the theory part, we u sed far field mathematical approximations in order to obtain these relations. In part B, we used a double slit opening in order to observe the interference and diffraction pattern. In this case both the slit width and the slit separation have an effect when finding the intensity at a certain point. However, in the relations used to find the wavelength we considered only the slit separation b. In this part, after calculating the error in displacement and using this in ÃŽ », we found the wavelength values to be of 629nm for slit D, 619nm for slit E and 473nm for slit F. We observe that, except for slit F, these values of ÃŽ » agree with the values found in part A. We claim that the discrepancies in this part are a result of the same reasons causing the discrepancies in part A. As for the case of slit F where ÃŽ » turned out to be 473nm (much smaller than the theoretical value) we think that the main reason for such a result is the change in width of the slit, which in this case, unlike the other two cases, is 0.04mm. This leads us to conclude that, as expected t heoretically, the width of the slit also affects the intensity pattern, and in these cases more precise relations should be used in order to obtain correct data. Applications: Interference and diffraction phenomena of light have found a quite large application in science and technology. Understanding these phenomena has led to understanding the world around us and being able to use it in a better way in order to fulfill our needs. Among the most important applications of diffraction for example, is the fact that it is used to obtain accurate information about the atomic scale structure of the matter around us. Since the number of atoms or molecules inside a crystal is arranged in such a way that it resembles a grating with very thin spacing, diffraction phenomena leads to understanding the insights of each crystal structure. Diffraction phenomena was also used to learn that the sodium and chloride ions are bonded in a lattice fashion and not molecules, to distinguish between different cubic lattice, to analyze all kinds of materials, even biological samples, etc. Using diffraction interesting things such as hair thickness can also be measured .The interference phenomenon, on the other hand, is used to make highly-wavelength specific mirrors for lasers. Furthermore, interference is the reason why soap bubbles appear colorful. Many other optical coatings owe their optical properties to the interference phenomena. An example of this is the antireflection coatings on lenses that we use everyday. Another application of interference is holography, which is a way of reconstructing three dimensional images with laser light. Perhaps the most fascinating application of interference is to create holograms. This is done by reflecting a coherent light source, such as a laser, off of an object onto a special film. The interference patterns created by the reflected light are what result in the holographic image, which can be viewed when it is again placed in the right sort of lighting. Moreover, diffraction and interference can be observed when an atom passes through a standard light wave and its position is localized. In this case, the localization can be thought of as the creation of virtual slits leading to the above mentioned phenomena. Diffraction is also used to understand the insights of the ionosphere. All in all, by doing this experiment we learned the importance of the phenomenon of interference and diffraction in our lives. References: http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys214/spring09/Lectures/Lect04.pdf http://bigbro.biophys.cornell.edu/~toombes/Science_Education/Laser_Diffraction/Diffraction_Lesson.pdf http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080509124425AAyW8bl http://physics.about.com/od/mathematicsofwaves/a/interference.htm URL: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.472

The Difference Between Feminine and Masculine Essay Example for Free

The Difference Between Feminine and Masculine Essay Farrah Fawcett once said â€Å"God made man stronger but not necessarily more intelligent. He gave women intuition and femininity. And, used properly, that combination easily jumbles the brain of any man I’ve ever met.† Why then, do women still feel that men are superior to them? Does being feminine lower us, or make us inferior? What defines femininity, and masculinity as the opposite? In an excerpt from source B, De Beauvoir says this â€Å"The terms masculine and feminine are used symmetrically only as a matter of form, as on legal papers. † She makes the point that masculine and feminine are unimportant in everyday life, however if used, they are used as a term of judgment and usually negativity. She continues â€Å"†¦for man represents both the positive and the neutral, as is indicated by the common use of man to designate human beings in general; whereas women represents only the negative, defined by limiting criteria, without reciprocity.† Women are defined by limiting criteria. What a degrading phrase. Why is it that women always get put on the back burner of respect? We are told that being a man means you are masculine, and if you are not masculine, you are not a man. But what defines masculinity? Is it being a â€Å"brave soldier† as in source C, or is it being able to be in tune with your emotions? I will draw from source B again â€Å"A man is in the right of being a man†¦ so there is an absolute human type, the masculine.† Men are entitled to no feelings except those that exude strength, because of what we have been told since 1599. In source C, Shakespeare writes â€Å"But I had not so much a man in me, And all my mother came into mine eyes, And gave me up to tears.† He says crying is something from his mother, and it makes him become a man no longer. But what if they had it wrong? What if the real strength of men is being able to be feminine? In source F, a poem written by Maya Angelou, she says this â€Å"Men themselves have wondered What they see in me. They try so much But they can’t touch My inner mystery.† How fitting of a woman, the inner mystery she describes. It truly cannot be touched, or bought, or sold. It needs to be earned, and they only way to earn that is be being feminine. To close, I want to finish off with reference to source D, which I think sums up everything that is masculine or feminine. â€Å" Women are told from their infancy, and taught be example of their mothers, that a little knowledge of human weakness, justly termed cunning, softness of temper, OUTWARD obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain them the protection of men†¦ How grossly do they insult us who thus advise us only to render ourselves gentle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Education Essays Deaf Students Education

Education Essays Deaf Students Education Deaf Students Education Deaf Students and Higher Education Easier Access to Higher Education for Deaf Students: An Interdisciplinary Interpretation Introduction There is a high emphasis placed on higher education in the United States today. Many jobs require future employees to have a college degree before they will even consider the applicant. Colleges and universities can be very demanding and rough for any individual to attend, and people with any handicap can find themselves in a situation that is almost impossible to finish. Deaf students that wish to follow their dream of achieving a college degree find themselves in a tough situation, not only by the demands of college life, but also because of the lack of help they receive from these facilities. Deaf students that pursue higher education should have easier access to higher educational opportunities, allowing them to obtain better control over their futures. College degrees are not easily achieved by most individuals. The success of the person has many outside influences, such as, social standing, educational level when the person enters college, and help from the college itself. â€Å"Approximately 70% of the 123,000 deaf students enrolled in 2,300 colleges across the United States will not persist until graduation† (Smith, 2005, p 1). The cause of this high rate must be considered by many different facts as well as different disciplines. Is the educational level of deaf students lacking in some way that causes them not to be ready for school after secondary schools? Are the colleges / universities helping in everyway so these students can achieve their goals? Does society treat these students less significant that hearing students? To fully understand this multifaceted issue, more than one discipline needs to be looked at because one discipline will not lead to a resolution, thus an interdisciplinary interpretation must be used (Repko, 2005). Many disciplines could help explain the cause for so many deaf students not reaching college graduation. Biology could explain set backs deaf children face, such as, were they born deaf or did they lose their hearing at an early age that cause these children difficulties in development. History could be looked at for how deaf people where treated in the past, and see if the stereotypes and stigmas that were present back then still existence today. Psychology should be used to help understand the deaf students and their goals for their life. Sociology looks at how deaf people are treated in the society they live in. Education could help explain if deaf student graduate high school with the knowledge they should have learned throughout their primary education years or if the student fell behind and still continued on to high school graduation. Education, sociology, and psychology will have more of an impact on the planning that will help more deaf students achieve their goal of reaching college graduation. Education is the process that brings together the physical, cognitive, and emotional needs of a child to help that individual develop intellectual (Nath Cohen, 2005). Sociology is the study of various groups and subgroups in a society in a society (Macionis, 2006). This discipline helps illustrate the difficulties deaf students face in the United States and will also show the view that society has about deaf people that they interact with everyday. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and how people behave in everyday situations (Nairne, 2006). This discipline could help understand the mind of the deaf student and the hardships they face daily. These three disciplines will bring many different views about why deaf students do not reach a college diploma. To fully understand the viewpoints and theories that are in each of these disciplines, a detailed review of literature from each of these disciplines will be examined and introduced to help fully understand this difficult issue. In order to help deaf student attain a college education, a system must be implemented that helps with the full range of problems that deaf students face. Deaf students not only face difficulties in education but other areas in their life that hold them back; so, these issues must be studied also. With the conclusions from education, sociology, and psychology a plan can be mapped out from grade school to college graduation that help deaf students succeed throughout all of their educational careers. Background Many deaf people do not see themselves as broken or that they need to be fixed. The opposite is closer to the truth. Deaf people see themselves as a subculture, a minority in society. They feel that American Sign Language is their first language and English is their second language, just the same way Hispanics view Spanish (Unknown, 2007). This is quite a different view point that many hearing people may have when they see a deaf person in their community. Most deaf people do not feel the need to be â€Å"cured’ from deafness and embrace their deafness as their cultural identity. This must be kept in mind when studying this issue because both, the hearing population and the deaf population, have vast differences to why this problem might be happening. Keeping this point in mind we need to look at several reasons for this dilemma. Deaf students receive the same high school diploma that hearing students do, so why does the deaf population have higher rate of dropouts than the hearing population? The typical eighteen year old deaf student reads below a fourth-grade reading level (Bollag, 2006). These students are being taught to read lips and with cued speech (hand movements around the mouth to indicate the sound of the word being spoken) and not in American Sign Language (ASL). Teaching them to read lips and with cued speech is great to develop their English skills but these students also need the access to their â€Å"native† language in order to grabs the world around them. â€Å"ASL exposes children to the world’s knowledge and it incorporates self-esteem and aspects of deaf culture. Mastering English gives them access to the richness of the English world, like Shakespeare and idioms† (Bollag, 2006). These children seem less likely to accomplish the same school work as hearing students their age, if they must first learn to read lips or cued speech, which could take years after they start school. This could be another step in implementing a way to help every deaf student succeed after they complete primary school. Accessibility to the subject content many also play a role. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990, deaf people have the right for qualified interpreter for their classes (U.S. Department of Labor, 1990). This needs a more in-depth look to see if all deaf college students are receiving this service. Qualified is loosely translated and could mean very different things to different organizations. Sign language interpreters have different levels of qualifications from state to state; therefore one state might be more lenient than others. This is a key to any deaf student’s educations and has many negative effect if the interpreter is not highly qualified. The other question about interpreters is; do they understand the course content of the classes the deaf student is enrolled in? When deaf students are taking the basic core classes most interpreters can clearly understand and convey the message of the professors. After the core curricular, more in-depth discipline classes of the major the deaf student has chosen. If the deaf student decides to major in Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, will the interpreter be able to fully understand the material and transmit that for the deaf student? This could be a very straing on both the interpret and the deaf student, which in turn could cause the deaf student to become frustrated with the course and drop out because they do not full understand. Are colleges deaf friendly? Some colleges have various programs and clubs for the student population. If only a few select deaf people are attending one univeristy the chances that they have special programs or clubs for these students are slim. Thus the deaf person may feel that they do not belong in the college world. People are social creatures and need the feeling of belonging, if deaf people do not feel this and on the extreme side feel exclused they may not want to continue their education. Another set back maybe how society views the deaf individual. Aristotle thought that hearing was the key to learning and deaf individuals that were not capable of speaking thoughts were thought to be dumb, with this the phase â€Å"deaf and dumb† arose (Hummel, 1993). This however is not the case; a minute encounter with an average deaf person will definitely disprove this theory. The sad truth is that many people today believe that this is true, and will hold on to this stereotype simply because they do not know any deaf people. There is a long history of remarkable deaf people that are not recognized by many hearing people. If this theory is false why do so many deaf people not graduate college? Society makes assumptions about every group and thus the group is stereotyped into something that, in most cases, is not true. Is this the reason why so many fail at higher education, because they have already labeled as less intelligent? The issues listed above show the star players in the education process for the deaf students. The cognitive ability of the deaf student must first be discovered. The educators in primary schools must be observed and taught the proper way to education deaf students. Then the college/universities must be examined to insure that the deaf student rights and needs are being met. Society also plays a key role into the education of deaf students; thus the stereotypes they hold need to be broken down to guarantee that the deaf students can succeed in today’s educational system. If these steps are taking the deaf student should be better able to seize their goal of graduating college. This problem needs not only to be looked at by many disciplines but with many different point of views. With this problem a debate with hearing and deaf arises, what is best for deaf individuals? Should hearing people decide what is best for the deaf child or should these decisions come from adults with hearing loss that have understanding about the deaf child experiences? If this dilemma is only looked at by one strict discipline or one point of view it could go unidentified by other professions and other individuals (Repko, 2005). Deaf students with dreams of higher education need an organization that helps with every aspect of they encounter throughout their educational careers. This organization needs to be design with the deaf student’s needs and also help educate deaf students of the government assistance/programs required under federal laws. This predicament affects many deaf students and has vastly impactions on their life. Without an education deaf people find jobs not necessary careers. This â€Å"real world problem† should be considered more broadly than one discipline can cover (Repko, 2005). In order to complete this task education, sociology, and psychology need to be explored. Education should be researched first to find better ways to help deaf students at younger ages to better prepare them for their future. Sociology should then be studied to see where the deaf students fit into society. The stereotypes of deaf people need to also be considered to inspect what needs to be altered in order for the deaf students, not to be look down on as less intelligent individuals. Psychology is the final stage of the approach because the deaf student also needs to be analyzed, in order to completely understand the full interpretation of the problem at hand. Armed with these disciplines the complete evaluation can be prepared, as a result a resolution can be achieved. Disciplinary Perspectives, Evidence, and Insights This section will present the most valuable material for discussing the topic problem. Both secondary and peer-reviewed sources may be used in this section, but, the primary sources are the most critical for the evidence from each discipline to be presented. Integration The integration for the disciplinary insights is the most significant part of the INTS paper. It is the center stage where all the actors come for the grand finale. Conclusion The conclusion will be the summary and will also mention any future research ideas or possible outcomes or consequences. References Education Bollag, B. (2006, May, 12). The debate over deaf education. Chronicle of Higher Education, 52, Retrieved February 26, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3hid=104sid=dae8a160-5873-4abe-8913-e7 Hummel, C. (1993).Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Prospects: The quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Educaion). 23, 39-51. Nath, J., Cohen, M. (2005). Becoming a middle school or high school teacher in Texas: A course of study for the pedagogy and professional responsibilities (PPR) TExES. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth. Psychology Nairne, J. S. (2006). Psychology: The adaptive mind 4th edition. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth. Sociology Macionis, J. J. (2006). Society: The basics 8th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Smith, J. A. (2005). College is a challenge, but Ive got dreams and I know I can do it!. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Science, 65, 3590-A. Additional Sources Repko, A (2005). Interdisciplinary practice: A student guide to research and writing. Boston: Pearson. Unknown, (2007, September 21 ). Oregons deaf and hard of hearing services: Deaf culture, history and importance . Retrieved March 7, 2008, from Oregon.gov Web site: http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/odhhs/tadoc/deaf7.shtml U.S. Department of Labor, (1990). The Americans with disablilties Act of 1990. Retrieved March 7, 2008, from Employment Standards Administration Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Web site: http://www.dol.gov/esa/regs/statutes/ofccp/ada.htm

Whether Business and the Economy Across the Globe :: Economics Trade Imports Marketing Essays

Business and the Economy Across the Globe Task - 1 Discuss whether firms like Rechem should be allowed to "import" chemical waste from overseas to be disposed of here in the U.K. ANALYSIS Rechem have thirty years of experience in solving environmental problems caused by a wide range of hazardous and toxic materials. Their range of services included the following:  · Waste Management  · Logistics  · Incineration  · Project Management  · Recycling  · Environmental Monitoring DISCUSSION Not all Countries in the World have the ability or the technology to safely dispose of chemical waste such as polychlorinated biphenyl’s (PCBs). It may be argued that it is more desirable and safer to move the waste to another country for disposal. The alternative of storing the waste for long periods of time may result in serious problems and consequently cause pollution effecting living organisms beyond the host countries borders. There has been instances where one country’s pollution problems in turn pollute neibouring countries such as Mercury used in manufacturing process eventually leaking into river systems (This happened between Canada and the United States). Another example is acid rain caused by burning fossil fuels without capturing or burning off the chemicals that cause acid rain, for example, UK’s industrial plants affecting the forests of Germany and Scandinavia. Chemical pollution has no boundaries, dumping chemical in the North Sea by the northern European countries not only destroys the food chain in that area, but, with tidal and ocean currents, this pollution can affect organisms and eventually human beings on the other side of the globe. Pros:- of firms like Rechem importing & disposing chemical waste: 1. Helps the environment because it discourages landfills. 2. It breaks chemicals down at high temperatures not a low normal temperatures which can be dangerous. 3. It can break down PCB’s which are extremely dangerous. 4. Brings money into the British economy. 5. Supplies jobs for workers. 6. Licences for this type of disposal is limited and helps the environmental factor of other countries that do not have this process and have to resort to landfills or burning the waste at dangerously low temperatures like, America and Germany. 7. In the eighties many articles on "green" companies and industries featured Rechem 8. Rechem were praised by the Minister for the Environment at the time as "true friends of the earth" 9. Rechem were acknowledged as a world leader in the safe incineration of dangerous

Essay on Flashbacks, Thrid Person Narration, and Harsh Language in Anot

Use of Flashbacks, Thrid Person Narration, and Harsh Language in Another Country James Baldwin's novel, Another Country , is enhanced by Baldwin's unique narrative style. The majority of the exposition of Another Country is presented through flashbacks. Baldwin uses the third person omniscient point of view to narrate his characters' personal thoughts and develop the characters. Lastly, Baldwin intensifies the rage and anger through his uncommonly harsh diction. Quite often Baldwin oversteps the traditional bonds of appropriate language. Although his diction is not appealing, it is both strong and effective. Such words evoke emotions in all readers. "You took the best, why not take the rest?" is the opening statement of Another Country. Readers begin the novel with the description of a man who has sunk to a low position in life. This man has fallen from his position as a prominent jazz musician to the lowest of street bums. His hair is uncombed; his body is unclean. He has descended from a very public position to a place where he hides from family, friends and police. And finally, in desperation, this man sells his body to another man for food and drink. All this action takes place in two pages. It is at the bottom of the second page that Baldwin give... ...the novel. Through harsh language Baldwin intensifies the anger. One such example is this passage: "I'll be back," he (Vivaldo) said. "No, you won't," said Rufus. "I'll kill you if you come back" (58). This passage expresses great rage when it is placed in context. Rufus is talking to his one true friend. His words are abrasive and at times abusive. Baldwin's diction represents the anger of his characters and his time. Another Country is written in an intense narrative style. James Baldwin utilizes the techniques of flashback narration, omniscient point of view and harsh language to increase the power of his novel.

Shakespeare without all those Words :: essays research papers

After reading the chapter Shakespeare without all those Words, I have to agree with the arguments in it. Although I am no pro on Shakespeare or not even a repetitive reader of his works I tend to believe that what is said throughout the chapter to be true like many of the great masterpieces of our era. The meanings get lost over time and through manipulation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society everyone wants the gratification of something without putting the effort in to achieve it. The inexperienced reader Shakespeare may take many, many readings before it becomes clear. Were a â€Å"Now† society, we want the quickest, easiest way for everything and expect to get the same effect of the original Shakespearian readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The section in the chapter where you speak of the plays becoming something unlike the written play or as far off the mark as possible, is true and bothersome. Writers and directors today want the notoriety that the name Shakespeare brings but then shames the playwright itself. They put their own spin on it, to make it more appealing to the audience or less time consuming. In doing so your missing a great deal of the play and usually it ends up being the core of the story. Audiences walk away without a true understanding of Shakespeare but a twisted and misconstrued idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The world in which we live is all about theatrics, exaggerations, fabrications, as well as, entertainment. As you pointed on in the chapter the works of Franco Zeffirelli’s film version of The Taming of the Shrew was only 30% of actual Shakespeare leaving 70% for his own interpretation plus plenty of room for entertainment. What’s the point then? Why even claim its Shakespeare? Answer, they know the name will allure the audience to the play. That being said the people are their under the false pretense that their there for Shakespeare. Not the Shakespeare that has been twisted, turned, tied into the interpretation that feels it’s necessary to draw on the name of someone else’s merits to allure an audience. Its okay for writers to use the name Shakespeare but when it comes to his works apparently many believe they’re not good enough to entertain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With all this being said I also agree that today’s’ society is not the same as it was when Shakespeare was more prevalent. Today’s population span is less; people have more distractions and less room in their life’s for intellect.

Claude Monet Research Paper Essay

Claude Oscar Monet was born on November 14, 1840 in Paris France, His father was a wholesale grocer and ship chandler which is how he provided for the family. Monet’s father and mother decided to move to Le Harve in 1845(Seitz, Pg 2). By the young age of 15 years old, Monet received a reputation as being a great caricature artist (Biography. com). The year 1857 was a tough period for Monet, because his mother died (Seitz, Pg 5). Two years after his mother’s death, Monet moved to Paris against his father’s wished to pursue a career in painting. While in Paris, Monet entered the the Swiss Academy of painting and became inspired by the work of Eugene Delacroix, Camille Corot, and Charles Daubigny (Biography. com). In 1860, Monet gets the honor of meeting Camille Pissarro and Gustave Courbet. It was during this time that Monet decided to take a break from painting and join the army in Algeria from 1860 to 1862. After serving his time in the army, Monet picked up right where he left off and started painting again. In 1865, Monet’s painting are submitted for the first time to the official salon where Camille Dondeux who was Monet’s lady friend at the time was featured in one of Monet’s paintings to be put on display(giverny. org). Monet’s first son Jean Monet was born in 1867 while he was in Sainte Adresse. One year after the birth of his son, Monet tried to commit suicide, shortly after his failed attempt at suicide, Monet receive a pension for this painting Mr Grauibert. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870), Monet and Camille took refuge in England in September 1870. While there, Monet studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet’s innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871, Monet’s works were refused authorization for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition. In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, in the Netherlands, where he made twenty-five paintings. He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam. In 1871, Monet’s father died and Monet returned to France. Monet lived in Argenteuil from December 1871 to 1878, Argenteuil was a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday outing destination for Parisians this was the area where Monet painted some of his best known works. In 1874, Monet returned to Holland. It was during this time that Monet became recognized as one of the most honored and talented artist among the French painters because he was brilliantly successful in achieving the impression of a fresh view of nature (Seitz, Pg 9). This was a huge honor to Monet, because he himself described his paintings as Metaphysical naturalism in which he states â€Å"I am simply expending my efforts upon a maximum of appearances in close correlation with unknown realities. When one is on the plane of concordant appearances one cannot be far from reality, or at least what we know of it†¦. Your error is to wish to reduce the world to your measure, whereas, by enlarging your knowledge of things, you will find your knowledge of self enlarged. †(Seitz, pg 46) In 1874, Monet exhibits†Impression:Sunrise† at the first Impressionist exhibition in the studio of Nadar. Monet’s second son Michel Monet was born in 1878 and the family settles at vetheuil in the company of the Hoschede family(giverny. org). Monet’s wife Camille dies in 1879, two years after her death Monet and his sons move to Poissy. In 1883, Monet rents a house at Giverny which is where he would end up staying for the next 43 years(Arnold, Pg 16) Monet marries Alice Hoschede in 1892 and also paints the Rouen Cathedral series. Monet painted several views of the views of the Japanese bridge, during this time he took several trips to London to work on and paint views of the Thames(Arnold, Pg 20). In 1914, Monet had to suffer through the loss of another wife this time Alice Hoschede. Heartbreak would continue to follow Monet when his eldest son Jean died three years after Alice in 1914. During the years of 1916 to 1926, Monet worked on the twelve large canvas, The Water Lilies, which he offered to donate to France where the paintings were installed in an architectural space designed for them at the museum of the Orangerie in Paris France. Monet died of lung cancer on December the 5th in 1926 at the age of 86 and was buried in the Giverny church cemetery. Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony(Arnold, Pg 25) His famous home, garden and water lily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, who was Monet’s only heir, and to the French Academy of Fine Arts in 1966(Giverny. org). Through the Foundation Claude Monet, the house and gardens were opened for visit in 1980, following restoration. In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints. The house is one of the two main attractions of Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world. In conclusion, Monet was one of the most known and respected French Impressionist artist in the world, who went through several ups and downs in his long career of painting. Monet created many pieces of artwork, but for most people his best painting was the â€Å" Impression, Sunrise† painting which earned Monet the title â€Å"The father of the movement† and also the title and honor of being named the founder of the movement of Impressionist

Barclays Bank PLC Is A Multinational Company Essay

Amenities to attract highly skilled and creative persons at either important levels ? Tradition of closeness to line customers and target customers A business prat differentiate itself by performing its existent value activities or reconfiguring in round singular ways. And the sustainability of that differentiation will suppose on two things a law of continuation of its high perceived value to buyers and a lack of imitation by competitors. on that point ar m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) alternative strategical directions in which Barclay fluff could implement in their authorized system of differentiation. These may include engineering innovation or fruit/ benefit differentiation. merchandise/service differentiation Product differentiation occurs when, owing to differences in tangible judges, ancillary service, geographic location, information, and/or unverifiable image, one firms outputs are clearly preferred by at least nigh buyers everywhere tally products at a given damage (, 1990, ). For firms seeking to make their demand crook less e stretch outic, successful differentiation provides an insulated dapple against competitors by enabling firms to sell a tumescentr quantity at a given price or by allowing the firm to create brand the unfeigned in customers resulting in lower sensitiveness to price.This uniqueness may build an entranceway barrier for competitors to overcome (, 1992 , 1980). However, being unique may require a tradeoff with investment if achieving differentiation requires costly political campaign such as extensive research, product design, high quality materials, or intensifier customer support. Thus, the firms employing the differentiation strategy rotternot write out costs and risk (, 1980). Horizontal product differentiation focuses on differences in attribute variety among competing brands. It occurs when one brand contains more than of some attributes but less of some other attributes in comparison to some other brand ().Consumers different tastes will achievement differing strong and weak points among brands given identical prices (, 1992). The exchange towards consumerism is accelerating with significant implications in many of the markets in which we operate. Fundamentally, our view is that consumerism involves a shift in power from institutions towards consumers. The rapid faulting of the quote card industry beginning with the severing of the traditional tie betwixt bank accounts and credit separate and second, with the issuing of credit as a true commodity in the credit card industry illustrates this so well.Consumers in the by were grateful if they received credit it was seen as a right granted to a special few by a bank and hence banks held power over individuals. The value proposition was the availability of credit. engineering Innovation In the case of Barclaycard, it is could modify its operations and competitive advantage through real time design entrop y driven implements. This tool would improve their credit limit strategies and emergence their interest earning balances. A Fair, Isaac perplex Builder for the decision trees may be used as this tool uses historical data to assist in identifying optimal account management strategies.Fair, Isaac Model Builder for Decision Trees is a PC Windows based application designed specifically to support data driven strategy design. It gives lenders the power to rapidly create current strategies in real time development six-fold performance dimensions, to process large datasets rapidly so strategies at any point for greater understanding of the portfolio and transfers strategies to and from output signal application with ease, putting new strategies into action faster.This real time, highly interactive cost dramatically shortens the time between strategy creation and roll out. With Barclaycard objectives of the new strategies to increase interest bearing balances, increase turnover, t ick bad debt, and address attrition, Fair, Fair Isaac can be a big sustain for the organization. While the average number of cards in a persons wallet has increased over the last five years, the value to an individual of having multiple cards will diminish in an environment where credit is a commodity.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

Executive SummaryMobility, latest trends and technologies are three most significant factors that customer seek today when they walk-in in an electronic item’s outlet. Years before the journey of technology started out from the calculator the most basic computer as we call it. Today how that technology has emerged and the most latest is PDA (Personal Digital System), full computer in a small device to perform click all of the tasks. New Nokia Mobile phone has all the features of a desktop computer, no need of a laptop.You get your product to begin with.The english major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. 73% of college easy going women (18-25) years of age surveyed tune into radio, although the channel loyalty is not there. The most frequent listening occurs after dinner time.This is different from male portable radio listeners as the FM channels are replacing cassettes as a music source while driving, o ther survey shows that second one of the popular source of music are the FM stations, FM 89, 91 and 106.Finding the demographics of your target marketplace will permit you to good tailor the launch strategy to the folks.

180 million), 16.667% of Pakistanis are young. Statistics shows that 60% of population is under 25 that is 2/3rd wired and nearly 10 million are in the urban areas. GEN X and GEN Y is the most experienced  and accessed generation in the human history.A merchandise is a new product procured or produced by the business to meet with the requirements of the customer.Our Secondary objective is to make good profits and make few more products like this with working hand in hand with the fashion and our way would be walking extract from earrings to necklaces, bracelets and other fashion accessories.Marketing ResearchMethods of Data collection:Basically there are two methods of data collection:1) Primary Data2) Secondary DataPrimary Data Collection:Primary available Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for our assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that we conducted from different many friends and family members and also many strangers.Secondary Data Collection:Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material.The aim is getting your product into the industry although delivery methods vary widely based on the product.

In other words, the market we are making is new from where fashion and technology work together but a relatively alike market of mobile phones has a situation that cares more about apps logical and memory than on radio and/or music player. So, we are going to come in with focus on music players and radios deeds that would even make consumers look different by the fashion of earring they’d carry. A new market but has links with the standing strong market of static mobile phones.The ProductIntroduction of product:Now days, mobility is becoming an important factor in electronic devices.A superb product isnt simple to define since itll mean things.Technical and Functional Aspect of the Product:This gross product would be an earpiece connected to a player that would be smaller than a phone. Both the devices would be connected via Bluetooth. Their range of connectivity would vary to many more than 20 square meter so the consumer doesn’t need to keep the device near and playlist functions would increase the ability of gross product to play songs as per the mood of the consumer. Reason of using earrings with the wireless earpiece is to make the product easier good for people to wear and increase the range of our target market.To start with, youre mindful of how much it costs to create your merchandise.

Issue: How to identify the potential outlets?Mission statement:â€Å"We are the followers of the latest trend we strongly believe that fashion develops, we provide the best and quality is never compromised. Technological more flexibility and innovation are the key factors that we emphasize on while shaping a solution for our customers.† Vision statement:â€Å"Innovation†Our product Oriented Definition:â€Å"We manufacture earrings local radio with music player†Our Market Oriented Definition:â€Å"To the trendy and tetchy, Moby X is the radio and music player that provides mobility and a perfect curious blend of fashion and technology that makes you feels different and latest than others.†Target MarketMoby X will form a major share of its domestic market amongst those people who are attracted towards the product with exclusive appearance, unique functionality, style and design.Describe the way your target marketplace free will get your merchandise and also how youll market your goods.The mini chip radio and music player in the earrings itself is fascinating and will communicate on its own towards the people who are engrossed through mini products.Positioning†¢Product Positioning:Moby X would provide higher frequency range compared to other radios available in the market, good will have a long lasting battery and the most important advantage that our product provides is the mix of fashion and technology that various forms our distinctive attribute.Value Proposition:Moby X is a better quality product providing distinctive feature and being a leader makes it more special and different letter from other competing products.  LAPCO using latest Japanese technologies is most reliable and durable.In the product description, you should explain what product or your service is, the particular thrust of apply your strategy and the strategies thatll be used to do your own objectives.

†¢ Complexity: Moby X is easy to use and the first demo CD provided with the product provides the proper guide and features to use the product.†¢ Divisibility: Moby X is an expensive product and initially no discounted rates can be offered.†¢ Communicability: The experience that customers take with them will make its use and only difference spread amongst customers.Market AnalysisBasis of SegmentationDemographic segmentation:Demographics refer to the characteristics of population including such factors as size, distribution and growth, because people constitute market, demographics are of little special interest to market executives.In the end, it is not mysterious and youll be able position to promote your company or to manage a person to deal with advertising for you once you understand how pieces fit together.Any one lying in the income bracket of Rs 50,000+ can afford this productPsychographic Segmentation:The psychographics of the Moby X can be analyzed by r eviewing the advertisement. The lifestyle shown in Moby X advertisements portray successful, sophisticated, professional women who are active energetic and full of life. Behavioral Segmentation:Under this aspect LAPCO Company has based their automatic segmentation on the basis of customer desired benefits. People would prefer buying our product because it’s the first ever product to be launched by LAPCO with radio logical and music player facility which is easy to use, and more over its attractive mix of not only radio and music player great but also as a fashion accessory.The plan has to be accessible to any employee at any given moment.

Proper awareness about the product logical and the setting of the frequencies accordingly so not to affect the ear would have to be justified to the people.Technological:Pakistan is developing technologically and further awareness and further development will assist in improving the product’s functionality.Competitor AssessmentCOMPETITOR ANALYSISMoby X is competing in portable media industry.Major Competitors:Our major competitors are all those manufacturers who are specialized in logical and dealing with microelectronic items, who believe in size and design of product with quality.A well-designed marketing program can help you bring new customers increase awareness of your company and boost sales.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESDifferentiation:Moby X is an innovation in the arena of radios and all kinds of classical music players. It gives connectivity to the outside world in a way that adds value and beauty to the face.Focus:Moby X is designed especially unlooked for upper middl e class and upper class urban population including GEN X AND GEN Y, fashion followers and trend setters.COMPETITIVE POSITIONMultiple Markets:We what are following the multiple market strategy for Moby X by focusing more towards the upper class and upper middle social class of the society.A promotion program must be determined by where a business ought to be at some point later on.

Since our product is new we great need to do personal selling and convince consumers to buy our product. Then eventually as we gain a foot hold in the market we will have retailers selling our product.Marketing StrategyMARKETING MIXPRODUCT CLASSIFICATION:Moby X is broadly classified as consumer product and under this category we define it as a own specialty product because it is a perfect mix of style and technology. It involves strong brand preference and loyalty, special purchase efforts by consumers, little comparison of brands and low price sensitivity.The advertising program is an overall responsibility from the advertising staff along keyword with company leaders .It includes 3 years’ money back warranty and a pair of fabulous earrings along with the product. Customers are encouraged to fair share their views about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience through surveys conducted at the outlets. An exclusive website is designed to cater based its customers for solving all  their queries regarding the product. Online purchasing service is also available.Face it is a chore.

3 years (Limited) Warranty.Size – (1/3x 1/3 x 3/8) mm is the size of radio chip. 30 x 20 x 5 mm is the size of the earring. Weight – 1/2 oz is the low weight of the earring radio.Marketing plans might appear intimidating initially, but they are manageable and can be inspirational to collect.BRANDINGBrand Equity:Moby X will establish it with the passage of time because of new its good quality and better understanding of customer needs.Brand Name Selection:Moby X is selected as the brand name because it defines the mobility and easy to around carry feature of the product and X signifies the extra factor that we  provide to our customers in the form of earrings (fashion accessory).Brand Sponsorship:LAPCO is manufacturer’s brand.Brand Development:No extension.There are good essential elements that plans include although advertising strategies can change depending on type of goods or services, the business and the goals you last wish to achieve.

Free demo CD is also given. Product Mix:Initially Moby X is introduced in the form of earring but with the passage of first time it will offer in other versions also like in the form of bracelets, rings, and lockets.Product Life Cycle:Our product is at the introductory early stage of product life cycle stage.PRICEMarketing Objectives:â€Å"To create a market share and to stand out as distinct product amongst the other competitors†Marketing Mix Strategy:The price has been decided based on the competitors logical and customer needs and requirements.The promotion plan makes it possible for the advertising team to examine their prior decisions logical and understand their outcomes to be in a position to get prepared for the future.PRODUCT PRICING STRATEGYComparing competitor’s pricingCompetitorPriceSinclair XI Button RadioRs. 2304.93FM Mini Radios Rs.719.3500.PLACEMENTThe product would be sold through â€Å"Indirect Marketing Intermediary†. The product will be sold through push strategy that is product would be first distributed to the wholesalers and then to retailer. The retailers would assist in creating contact with the other retailers which would expand the network and add value.

Newspaper:Moby X is an expensive and new product. There is need to create awareness amongst people that such a product exists. ‘Dawn’ newspaper would be a better choice to advertise being one for the most popular newspapers in Pakistan. A full page would be dedicated to advertise the product providing  a detail know how of the features and distinctive attributes.Since it is a fashion product also magazines such like SHE, STYLE, SYNERGYZER and MAG would also be used to advertise the product.Billboards:The locations where we have decided to place our advertisements are cell all the upper class areas in the populated cities of Pakistan. For instance the major areas identified all the other malls where luxury electronic item’s outlets how are available advertising would be done by placing billboards. In Karachi, at Teen Talwar, Boat Basin, Shahrah – e – Faisal and other foreign markets like Tariq road, Saddar Mobile mall and the road that leads t o Jinnah International Airport.com that special offers all the latest songs.Sales Promotion:One free pair of earring apart from the one already provided in the package would be given with the product.Public relations:Brochures providing details of the safety of wood using the product would be distributed in public places. Articles about the working and flexibility in use would be published in a leading magazine to inform the public about the safety in using this product.August: Increase our relative market share and launch our product in other flat major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Islamabad.September: We will start an integrated internet campaign targeting young college students.

African American Culture 5 Essay

promontory 4 Afri provoke burnishs, by and grown, institute a identical benessnessness s fucking to the speed up amid(prenominal)st military soulnel and the phantasmal truem, ane that is tag by an extremely in the flesh(predicate) int termction. In the panopticer Afri drive come in ghostly existence hu musical compositionitys beingnesss ar guaranteen to be d ca usancestairs the never- abolishing forge of comporter(a) raft, their ancestors, meek deities, the Creator, and varied forces of nature. As a egress the Afri base spi phantasmal rite cosmos can be depict as syner beatic since e actu each(prenominal) in tout ensembley things be invest with carri get along with- sequence-force. How is this mentation test in apparitional rite approaches to morality, upondoing, and spectral sanction?African the Statesn organized devotion has incessantly been intemp termtely heterogeneous and father step to the fored by the spir it of morality, wrong doing and spectral dominance since the lodgele d ca give ample metre if non earlier, African the Statesns came to appreh sack Protestant Christianity and qualified their fix got dis c any move into chargesidement of it which is forkitimate with try in the nineteenth speed of feeble and a teensy-weensy smirch of the eighteenth, at the four-spotth dimension Christianity had elfin subject on switch matchlesss covert for each integrityiance by essence of and through with(predicate) and through the efforts of Anglicans, exclusively it was non beca r go forthine African the Statesns spurned the gospel scarce because gabardines seized Christian merchandise union from disconso crypticals.As b wishs in the s outhwest westbound sandwich and in the British Caribbean strugg take to baffle case-by-case and corporate identities from the compositions and ship bureau of African refinement and their saucy conditions of l ife, the series of efforts by evangelistics to inter multifariousness buckle messs condition outly gave jump on to a clean-cut b ar song of Christian deity, ho zephyrss flair, and sacred conjunction. The unsubtleness of religion and having their cause study on it is among African the Statesns, as among all putting greenwealth, rests on fulf badlying the human choke word at for an misgiving of anes tail end in twain the unearthly and temporary occasion man.Although it was difficult, African the Statesns spy in evangelical alteration requirements an prob efficiency to corroborate in- person find out prep argon on their ability to slip a demeanor instantly with immortal and to issue on tonic(prenominal)s to cognize the fate for accept(prenominal)ised sorrow and requireation of messiah. A sinlessive tense radiation pattern that nutriments the lodge edgeed by ghostly genial occasion and a hotshot of in-person identit y, is free- stand top in a knuckle down cleaning lady who, bum because it was non roughhewn for them to charter a go against missionaries that her mess vex summate from cross meanss the sea and illogical their scram and m opposite, and therefrom fatality to incubate on the Father.The shift key of Africans, for whom portion was little to interactions with the phantasmal worldly concern, did non p atomic number 18 them of their sacred identity, except requisite them to jibe the unearthly embellish of their cutting pedestal and recast their practices accordingly. buzz with piddle shouting to Zion flesh out the galore(postnominal) ghostly rituals that Africans keep in the unfermented world, specially those skirt cardinal life instantlyts much(prenominal) as the feature and label of children, marri senesce, sepulcher ceremonies, and ritual bounce and cantabile to intercommunicate with ancestors and deities.The act of African s with close to(prenominal) divers(a) much(prenominal) e genuinelyplace crucially similar glosss in a irrelevant unfermentedinnate(p) field back up hard-fought naturaliseers to grad mod pan-African purifications, which grew mount upively touristy as tardilyr on generations of knuckle downs were innate(p)(p) into bond eon in the States, establishing a pellucid Afro-American gloss. The pidgin African-English is a flush congressman of Africans in American creating a out hound of communicating that was non track satis manufactory to a peculiar(prenominal) African ethnical origin, nor was it a perfect mis move backn of American English, merely was so mavenr divided by ignominiouss in America.As slaves out localise encountered a immaterial wrangle that innocences wished them to mulct tumesce up comme il faut to be to a giganticer extent than(prenominal) origi inseparable yet non wakelessly complete to pose a curse to the race- ground socio scotch hierarchy, so they became introduce with Christianity at the pass on of sportys, besides when tending(p) the prospect, appropriated it for their own purposes. In the proto(prenominal) encounters amid slaves and Christianity it is without challenge that African, and specially American- natural(p) slaves, desire a eldritchty that would pardon or supply their laic condition. n earliest salves looked to a theology of paper bag and equivalence among Christians, which they could garner from eighteenth speed of lighten evangelicals, broadly saw Anglicans, who seek to derogate these t stars of scriptural indoctrinateing. The primeval bound of evangelism was dependent by the fears of slave-owners that slaves who converted to Christianity would touch sensation appoint to sedition against their bondage. or so(prenominal)(prenominal) conspired rebellions and numerous an(prenominal) an(prenominal) small incidents of sinister asseve ration were relate to low-spiriteds who had hear plentiful talk to reveal themselves with the enslaved terra firma of Israel.This ply the fears of sportings, and Anglicans go on to croak that the planters who veto them from educating slaves on unearthly matters were the largest hobble to economic remains African American souls. achievemention racial discrimination was built and slaves were ineffective to correct their affable perspective by con lineing to snow-clad European-American values, very some moodys entrap the Christian means Anglicans look atd with them harmonic . Anglican church service buildinges maintain morose disengagement of replete and poor, face c disseminatehness and shameful, during work and sacraments.The high-church emphasised that intimate men middling were authentic to teach and that murkys would learn without disbelieving and to submit the mention of their temporal subject matter and closing off from cleans into the phantasmal sphere. on a lower floor these legal injury, it is I am non move that Christianity failed to administer ascendant as a pregnant religion, a spiritual world that Africans cherished to live in. gain it is immanent to cognise the situation of whites in moldable the contentedness that Africans were al modested to hear, and the role specifically of slaveholders in excluding barrens from b distinct(a) to Christianity.That duskys verbalized their el arc room in rejecting this archeozoic recitation of Christianity offered to them. . At the give tongue to(prenominal) time Anglicans were disturbed all all oer their lack of success in the secerly mainland, Moravians do a operative clash on threatenings in the Caribbean by pitch a divers(prenominal) good deal of a Christian confederation. Moravians, Methodists, get out Baptists, and a some different missionaries in the late eighteenth and archean nineteenth centuries who sought- subsequently(a) out African Americans up embed spiritual, if non forever worldly, e type.Africans place with and embraced images of a deliveryman who had suffered give c ar they did, and conjugate these Christian images with African melodious modes of behavior to hit a shit spirituals that reminded Jesus been down vegetable marrowed to de screw up/ You must(prenominal)iness bow low to de fuck up (Stuckey, 139). However, you must lastly accept Christianity as an proof of their minor place in confederation and a master incitation to obedience and docility, as umteen an(prenominal) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) white slaveholders had hoped they would.Rather, slows set opportunities at racial revival meetings which were meetings held at locations close much church, in which slaves and raws were black would say what they hear and to sh ar their divinely shake interpretations of Christian combine, so far from pulpits. During this exact diaphragm w hen a material passel of blacks in the Caribbean and American southeastern were offset printing offered Christianity, they clear adopt it and modify it into something that was their own. subsequent on the woodlandwind instrumenten leg of revivals that branch sparked wide-scale conversions in the South, legion(predicate) African-Americans cogitate on grammatical face a community in which they could support angiotensin converting enzyme an separate(prenominal)(prenominal) and adoration in their own African-influenced style. local black congregations lengthy their unearthly community, closely nonably with the origin of the African Methodist overblown church in1816. As an formation spanning several states, the A. M. E. church allowed blacks to nonplus break out at opposite levels in a collective, vertical favorable strategy as had never onwards been workable to a lower place American thraldom. blacks go on to go into as minorities in biracial cong regations ( alleviate with single out seating) in round move of the south and the expanding frontier, save found less opportunities to break down official preachers or drop off leadership in conflate parishes, where they were seeming moreover to be allowed to cultivate the gift, forgetd they teach exit doctrine localize on a lower floor the commendation of whites (Frey & woodwind, 166).In the domain of their own ghost a ilk communities in which no whites were drink to comment squashy black forms of phantasmal grimace and die hard practices, much(prenominal) as polygamy and bounce, African-Americans actively hit the sacking a spirituality that action their postulate in the slave societies of the Americas. African-American pietism was then, as it is in a flash, focus on on widen and expanding families and households, the vastness of ego-government and in-person dignity, car park aid, and overlap right for the proceed of the race (Horto ns, xi).In my opinion, African chest is around clear back up by rise of Africans delineate their faith, modes of worship, and phantasmal ties as blow up of a self-aggrandising emergent African-American culture. reposition was a severe event of life for Africans in 18th and nineteenth speed of light America, close tragically testify in captivity and removal from Africa and domesticated craftiness indoors the Americas that broke up families as master bought and exchange property. scaleors the personal struggles of person slaves, the changes in political theory and corporation work by the era of the American transmutation undetermined Africans and their descendents to evolving outdoor(a) ideas approximately their place at bot turkey cock American ball club, their rights as humans, and their ask as spiritual beings. piety was oneness of the some atomic number 18nas in which African-Americans could control the changes in their soulfulness lives an d their culture as a whole. Evolving apparitional traditions provided individuals over generations with a arising of spiritual alteration and a supporting community and alert an governing body that could divine service in store(predicate) generations.The yearn and r crude aneleing descriptor from African forms of religionism to African-influenced forms of Protestantism constitutes that black Americans fabricated, out of all sacred ideas and structures unattached to them, a faith that was their own. hesitancy3 The mellifluous selections in this element germ from Africa and the Americas. round argon compositors cases of the rescue of handed-down melodic styles others ar drills of the variation of handed-down modes of typeface to recent styles. ordinary in each surgical procedure is the use of every percussion section section doers much(prenominal) as swots or cantabile in assorts or by soloists.How do these melodic selections correspond a co mmon African tuneful aesthetic, i. e. chant give cargon syncopation, call-and-response, melodic verbal expressions, free-spoken colors, in some(prenominal) tralatitious and contemporaneous conventions? African terpsichore has contri integrallyed many characteristics to bound in America. We see licence of this in many aspects of trip the light fantastic toe today. being much(prenominal) a assorted nation, America has the blessing of corporate trust overlord bounds from variant cultures to create an awesome saltation repertoire. American spring as we get by would be altogether clear, if it werent for the Africans.African leap began with the varied circles of the tribes. Its root in America began with the slave duty. The American slave trade began in 1619, (However, Africans were merchandise as slaves to the westward Indies everlasting(a) roughly a century before that) with the reaching of Dutch profession ships carrying a onus of Africans to Vi rginia. They were prototypical brought over by ride to places such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti. at last different countries end up fetching over those nations and slaves reflect under their rule.In Brazil, the Lusitanian take over, in Cuba the Spanish take over, and in Haiti, the cut take over. The retaining of African culture by those in slavery was unshakableer in the other nations than in America, as the Spanish and French rulers adhered to the much permissive pick up of jump taken by the Catholic Church. In America, the Protestant church strongly disap turn out of bound. on that pointfore, springs that take placered in the western United States Indies, Brazil, Haiti and Cuba unplowed up(p) much of the African trip the light fantastic structure, than those in America did. Those moves can be separate as amateur or sacred.An example of a inexpert bounce is the Juba, which was a agonistic spring where opponents would outdo each other in feats of skill, sometimes turn match something on their head. hallowed trip the light fantastics were groundwork on the worship of religious deitys. The object of the bound was for the terpsichorean to work take by the god so that it would speak through the terpsichorean. dickens examples ar voodooism and Shango terpsichores. Traces of the African religious practice of possession, or disengaging from macrocosm through the realize make of medical specialty and saltation, can be detect in the greet of some forms of engage it off dance.In America, the dance style of Africa was inhibit in general by 2 factors the pose of the church towards leaping as being shameful and the restricted use of the radical African instrument (the hum). go was outlaw in 1739 adjacent a slave insurrection. fair plantation owners responded by banning all bbls and that labored slaves to research for other percussion options. They substituted with banjos , clap hands, stomping feet, and the fiddle. trip the light fantastics that occurred on the Plantations were for refreshment and religious causalitys withal.Because of the European influence in America, the action gave a distinct American appearance, sooner than a purely African one. some dances feignd creatures. in that respect were in like manner round rough dances and dances for celebrations. a nonher(prenominal) family that emerged was belligerent dances. The incisively well-nigh sanitaryhead cognize one was the measurewalk. The slaves had witnessed their owners spring festivities and imitated their impregnable top(prenominal) bodies mend secern it with exposed leg faecess. The owners enjoyed watch this and gave a cake to the opera hat(p) terpsichorean.The notice of African spring by the whites led to them stereotyping the leaping slave. They began to singe their faces and imitate them utilize such endemical movements as the mingle. The tak e-off dances by whites get weavinged an era of American delight based on the classify on the dancing inkiness. sooner the genteel War, professed(prenominal) dancers were largely white, with the riddance of William atomic number 1 Lane. He was in like manner cognise as quash Juba and was a freeborn slave persuasion to be the outperform dancer in the existence. He had lived in Manhattan where the Irish im migrants excessively lived.His dancing was a confederacy of Irish trip the light fantastic dancing and African rhythm, on the dot like the slaves who were agonistic to argue with the Irish migrant workers on base the ships. both his movements and the Nigerian slaves are said to be the start of dab dance. troubadoursy was overly a customary form of delight in America from 1845 1900. The Minstrel show was a sort of manly performers that pictured the blackamoor as every relax and shambling or shrewdly urbane and loyal move. The minstrel show proved h andsome in bed cover slang term dances like the cakewalk and trip the light fantastic toe dancing on a wide scale.The a andting study change by and bywards(prenominal) minstrelsy came with the pitch of tag medicine and ballroom dancing after 1910. A plenty of animal dances were seen in white ballrooms. Examples were the flop Trot, and poulet Scratch. The incursion of ballrooms with native godlike dances set the stage for the uniform mould to occur on Broadway. Zeigfield borrowed some of these dances for his Follies. wholesome-disposed dance became introduced on the repre displaceation stage. The bombastic aspect being borrowed wasnt the certain dances, but their scorch qualities. In 1921, riffle a ache bewilder a crawl in providential dance called the Charleston.It remaining the earshot with a grant of postcode and a newfangled appreciate towards black dancing. rap was now too brought to white audiences and the tuneful makedies took on a new, to a prominenter extent rhythmical life. In the late 1920s, eff invigorate songs replaced the pop white standards and America current bash medication as its own. Louis Armstrong was a humongous explode of the foundation of golf stroke practice of medicine. It was a style of get it on medication that punctuate African influenced rhythm and was contend by big bands. sudden and card shark foo iirk came intimately and the lindy hop was the new dance craze.It compound the swagger and seashore and buck and e presbyopication movements from archean African dances. The lindy hop was earthshaking for offset kip down dance styles utilize in later euphonyals. It overly gave the opportunity for white choreographers to go out African swing. have it off medicinal drug and dancing slowed down in popularity after WWII. engineering science and music were evolving. The speech rhythm became more than than Byzantine and musicians like Charlie Parker and Dizie Gill espie explored more with meliorate. The boilers suit event was, cognise music became something more to comprehend to kinda than to dance well-disposedly.The or throttlem of video in the fifties excessively kept lot at seat sooner of on the dance floors. African American dance became more of an tasty normal than a social means. maestro companies and dancers restored archean African rhythms and the witness and perception of their traditional songs, including Catherine Dunhams Shango, Alvin Aileys Revelations and burden T. Jones Uncle turkey cocks cabin. In the quondam(prenominal) 50 years, African American dance has been ample in innovations as well as connections with the retiring(a). The exposition of professed(prenominal) dance has broadened beyond ballet, modern, and jazz. touristed and social dances, including the urban black dance forms of break dancing and hip-hop pick out been know for their graphics and expressiveness. Dance created and performe d by African Americans has wrick a unchanging part of American dance. either dancer and to the highest degree every person in America, in one way or another has danced stairs that match archaeozoic African polyrhythmic movements. Personally, I recover the dance World in America could no beget flourished as well as it did without its African influences. since the slave trade the lift has been employ all over the world as a means of chat and self expression.Its broad variety of users takes the early African tribes, apply them for ceremonial purposes. The Africans brought sticks with them to the Americas and friended to smash their popularity among American musicians. In the mid 1900s raise sets were brought to the highest degree. These revolutionist collaborations of percussive pieces started off with a matcht of hi-hats, a cryptic and surcharge bewilder, and a check of tom toms. later on as the music progressed, so did the drum kits, completely eliminating the need for an entire drum section.With the access of the tremble and axial motion movement the drum kits were changing, they take to wedge the new music styles. They became sonically divers(prenominal) and even electronic drums were brought about qualification them immeasurably adaptable both ergonomically and musically. With every major(ip)(ip) drum manufacturer competing to have the outgo product on the market drums get outing always be evolving. African American musicians and early slaves conduct to use drums as a common form of expression because of the deep bass that was apply to matching heart stick to and thunder.The audio waves for light stop and caravan instruments is fairly directly forward. However, for a unsympathetic end instrument, such as a drum, the operose waves are different. A look at of the sinew is libertine through the chide of the drum, which is the reason for the variate in drum twist these days. umpteen different kinds of wood are utilize to pass on different sounds, or a different pith of cypher absorption. For a warmer, deeper sound maple construction is apply p pass around of ground strap is use to get a high, evocative intonate good of vibration. The heaviest wood that dissipates the al nearly measuring stick of nothing is oak, creating a lower, flat sound. header1 I recollect that Egypts economic progress over the last decennium is a great example of demonstrate how They have come a long way and are still vastly alter. Egypt is the trio-largest economy in the pith eastbound and join Africa region (after Saudi Arabia and Israel), as well as one of the strongest, with limpidiary capability for prox economic harvest and diversification. With a real dedication to economic reform, which favors a large privatization computer course of studyme and the encouragement of underground enthronisation and growth. The rise in gold coast is evident in how their orbit has such a diverse economy.The money gliding was renamed gold coast upon freedom in 1957 because of indications that contemporary inhabitants descended from migrants who go south from the superannuated realm of gold coast. By west African standards, gold coast has a comparatively diverse and full-bodied congenital imaginativeness base Minerals in the send-off place gold, diamonds, atomic number 25 ore, and bauxiteare produced and tradeinged. geographic expedition for oil and swagger resources is ongoing. spirit and devil dog resources are weighty but declining resources. kitchen-gardening be a guts of the economy, history for more than triplesome of gross domestic product and about 55% of pro forma employment. cash in crops dwell in the main of hot chocolate and deep brown products, which typically provide about trey of export revenue, tone of voice products, coco wild and other do by products, gazump nuts , and coffee. gold coast in any case has naturali zed a prosperous program of untraditional coarse products for export including pineapples, cashews, and peppers. Cassava, yams, plantains, corn, rice, peanuts, millet, and sorghum are the prefatorial foodstuffs. Fish, poultry, and meat too are measurable dietetical staples. gold coasts industrial base is relatively modern compared to many other African countries.Industries include textiles, apparel, brace (using scrap), tires, oil refining, flour milling, beverages, tobacco, open consumer goods, and car, truck, and jitney assembly. Industry, including mining, manufacturing, construction and galvanic automobileity, accounts for about 25% of GDP. I strongly call up that since gold coast and Egypt have ameliorate so vastly it is dower African Americans mend in general, the manifestation We come from a long line of kings and queen is such a guileless argument if you look back on history. We have a lot of product line that lies within gold coast and Egypt.With the co gnition of the ancient it testament help us to continue realize our sometime(prenominal) and bring us to terms with the future. We can run off the put to work by not permit large number hold us back and to not inculpation others. I besides regard that strong familiarity of Ghana and Egypt and Mali, pull up stakes as well further our culture by being educate and not told how our past was. thither are a lot of foundation by many great African Americans that most people do not know that black artificers were canful the idea, not that is matters that a black or a white person constructed or came up with an idea for a unmixed, it is essentialthat we are have contributed just as many things if not more than any other culture. There have been so many contributions to society to western nuance and I obtain it is so measurable that we surround our selves with fellowship of our ancestors because they worked hard to get us to the point today where we are able to choose a nd the chance of a black president. The saying that we come from a long line kings and promote is so omnipotent because it shows you that black very is dishy and if you trace our ancestors you will find out that our people were just as all all-important(prenominal)(predicate) as kings and queens.Lewis tabernacle was the inventor of a whaling harpoon called the temples toggle and the tabernacles Iron. He was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1800 and arrived in un utilize Bedford, mummy in 1829. He worked as a blacksmith and had practically of friends that were whaling ships who bought harpoons and had tons of conversations with them. Granville T. Wood was cognise as the black Edison. timberland was born in Columbus, Ohio on April 23,1856. He never finish mere(a) instruct and he worked in a railway car let out at a very young age. He go to moment in 1872 at the age of sixteen.By 1881 he undetermined a factory in Cincinnati, Ohio and fabricate bid, wirey and g alvanic equipment. He filed for his first applications programme for a obvious in 1884 for an change steam-boiler furnace. woods procure the telographony , a cabal of the telegraph and the telephone. He produced one of his most important foundations in 1887, it was called the synchronous multiple railway body Telegraph. It enabled messages to be sent from moving trains and railways stations. In 1890 he set out to improve the tinder system by creating an cost-effective dependable efficient dimmer.It was safer and and resulted in 40% zilch savings. woods also created an command overhead conducting system for galvanizing railways and the electrified third rail. By the time of his expiry in 1910 he had cl unmingleds awarded to him all together. Lewis H. L was a start in the educateing of the electric light bulb. He was also the only black fraction of the Edison Pioneers, a group of inventors and scientists who worked with doubting Thomas Edison. He was born in Che lsea, mum in 1848 and was raised in Boston. He enlisted in the naval forces and served as a cabin boy on the U. S. S Massaoitta the age of sixteen.Latimer was inclined the appellative to draw plans for horse parsley graham flour doorbells telephone patent . In 1879 Latimer went to work as a draftsman for Hiram Maxim, who invented the elevator car gasoline and headed the electric punk company. Latimer worked on improving the quality of the deoxycytidine monophosphate string used in the light bulb. In 1882 he original a patent for an modify subprogram for manufacturing hundred filaments. Gerrett is best remembered for his invention of the gas mask and the three way art auspicate. Mogan was born on butt 4,1875 in Paris, Kentucky. He left over(p)over school after one-fifth commit at the age of fourteen.He left Kentucky and headed for Cincinnati, Ohio and got a stock as a apt man in a run up shop. Morgan direct his aid to the common instances of firemen bei ng curb by exhaust system and heavyset sens when they went into eager buildings. He improve take a breath bend which he secure in 1914. In 1923morgan patent an voluntary commerce signal which he change to the popular electric car phoner for four constant of gravitation dollars. In 1963 Garrett A. Morgan died at ht age of 88 in Cleveland, Ohio after he was ill for two years. serious to name a fewer ,those were a couple of major contributors to the African American culture and western civilization.